Nhazi nke olulu mmanụ na gas na-eme ka usoro mmepụta dịkwuo elu

Nkà na ụzụ mmepụta mmanụ na gas na-eme ka o kwe omume ime ka ikike mmepụta nke olulu mmanụ (gụnyere olulu gas) na ikike ịmịkọrọ mmiri nke olulu mmiri na-agba mmiri ka mma. Usoro ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe gụnyere ọgwụgwọ hydraulic fracturing na acidification, na mgbakwunye na mgbawa olulu mmiri, ọgwụgwọ ihe mgbaze, wdg.

1) Usoro mgbawa nke hydraulic

Mgbawa nke hydraulic gụnyere ịgbanye mmiri gbawara agbawa nke ukwuu n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ na nnukwu olu nke gafere ikike ịmịkọrọ nke nhazi ahụ, si otú a na-eme ka nrụgide oghere dị n'okpuru dịkwuo elu ma na-agbajikwa nhazi ahụ. Site na ịgba mmiri gbawara agbawa mgbe niile, mgbawa ahụ na-agbasa n'ime omimi nke nhazi ahụ. A ga-etinyerịrị ụfọdụ propant (karịsịa ájá) n'ime mmiri gbawara agbawa iji gbochie mgbawa ahụ imechi mgbe a kwụsịrị mgbapụta ahụ. Mgbawa ndị jupụtara na propant na-agbanwe ụdị mmiri mmiri nke mmanụ na gas na nhazi ahụ, na-eme ka mpaghara mmiri mmiri dịkwuo elu, na-ebelata iguzogide mmiri, ma na-eme ka mmanụ ahụ rụọ ọrụ okpukpu abụọ. "Gaas shale", nke a ma ama na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ụwa n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na-erite uru site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke teknụzụ mgbawa hydraulic!

2) Ọgwụgwọ acidification nke olulu mmanụ

A na-ekewa ọgwụgwọ acidification nke olulu mmanụ ụzọ abụọ: ọgwụgwọ hydrochloric acid maka nhazi nkume carbonate na ọgwụgwọ acid ala maka nhazi nkume ájá. A na-akpọkarị acidification.

► Ọgwụgwọ Hydrochloric acid nke nhazi nkume carbonate: Nkume carbonate dịka limestone na dolomite na-emeghachi omume na hydrochloric acid iji mepụta calcium chloride ma ọ bụ magnesium chloride nke dị mfe ịgbaze na mmiri, nke na-eme ka nhazi ahụ dịkwuo mma ma na-eme ka ikike mmepụta nke olulu mmanụ dịkwuo mma. N'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke nhazi ahụ, hydrochloric acid na-emeghachi omume ngwa ngwa na nkume, a na-erikwa ọtụtụ n'ime ya nso ala olulu ahụ ma enweghị ike ịbanye n'ime mmiri mmanụ, na-emetụta mmetụta nke mmepụta acid.

► Ọgwụgwọ acid ala nke nhazi sandstone: Isi ihe ndị dị na mineral nke sandstone bụ quartz na feldspar. Simenti ndị a bụkarị silicates (dịka ụrọ) na carbonates, ha abụọ na-agbaze na hydrofluoric acid. Agbanyeghị, mgbe mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti hydrofluoric acid na carbonates gasịrị, mmiri calcium fluoride ga-eme, nke na-adịghị mma maka mmepụta mmanụ na gas olulu. N'ozuzu, a na-eji 8-12% hydrochloric acid tinyere 2-4% hydrofluoric acid agwakọtara ya na ala acid iji zere mmiri calcium fluoride. Oke hydrofluoric acid dị na ala acid ekwesịghị ịdị oke elu iji zere imebi nhazi nke sandstone ma kpatara ihe mberede mmepụta ájá. Iji gbochie mmeghachi omume ọjọọ dị n'etiti calcium na magnesium ion na nhazi na hydrofluoric acid na ihe ndị ọzọ, a ga-eji hydrochloric acid gwọọ nhazi ahụ tupu etinye acid ala. Oke ọgwụgwọ tupu oge eruo kwesịrị ibu karịa oke ọgwụgwọ acid ala. Emepụtala teknụzụ acid ala authigenic n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. A na-eji Methyl formate na ammonium fluoride eme ihe n'oge mmepụta ahụ iji mepụta hydrofluoric acid, nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ime oyi akwa mmanụ dị elu n'ime olulu miri emi iji melite mmetụta ọgwụgwọ acid ala. Site na nke a, ọ na-eme ka ikike mmepụta nke olulu mmanụ dịkwuo mma.